A&C Black. One example of this is British Received Pronunciation, which some scholars deem the ‘standard’ form of English in the United Kingdom (Milroy 532-533). Routledge, 2000. A social history of English. in aspects of writing, reading, and speaking), while 80% agreed that learning and using the standard Basque was necessary for work and for everyday life. We need not thinkof them as being chronological. The goal of standardization is to ensure uniformity to certain practices within the industry. The growth in industrial technologies signified a great deal of cooperation between individuals of different skillsets, and effective collaboration could only occur when both parties speak and write the same standard language. New versions with new features will be released, and software teams will need to make important decisions. The basic objectives of the academy were: In a further effort to standardise the language of the country, Koldo Mitxelena proposed a set of guidelines for the new language standard in 1968. Development in these areas create pressure to establish regularity in other areas, such as currency and language, to facilitate and increase efficiency in communication between countries. The intentionality of reforming the spelling was not to simply standardise the language but to also unify all Basque under a common understanding. Hence, we can see that this division is somewhat “man-made”. Psychology Press, 1997. Mayr, Andrea. Codification:. Standardization may occur as a natural development of a language in a speech community or as an effort by members of a community to impose one dialect or variety as a standard. A standard language is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of grammar and usage and is employed by a population for public communication. Standardization of language course is considered very important in the process of language planning. Instead of appointing one language form as the standard, Joanes Leizarrage developed a new language – one that was a combination of the various dialects he observed – that he believed would be understood by the general population (Elkartea 25). There are different regional dialects, class dialects, situationalvarieties. Among, 431 publications made between 1967 and 1977, only 3.3% of books published in 1967 had incorporated the new rules of spelling, declined and conjugated forms. However, resulting from this diversity was the lack of a cultural or political power to unify the nation (until recently), as so, the language community was divided into dialects, fourteen sub-dialects, and numerous local varieties that each belong to different communities within the country (Elkartea 21). Romper, 25 March 2016, https://www.romper.com/p/rihannas-work-lyrics-use-creole-patois-totally-confusing-music-critics-7707. Language can have scores of characteristics but the following are the most important ones: language is arbitrary, productive, creative, systematic, vocalic, social, non-instinctive and conventional. Thus, we should remember that language standardisation is a process aimed at creating one standard, cohesive language in a society, although (due to the dynamic nature of society) it generally does not achieve this goal. Standardization. In the end, Mitxelena reasoned that “the young are always right” (Elkartea 36), and since the young writers were in favour of the letter ‘h’, the spelling reformation was ruled. Thus, we can see that language standardisation is not only concerned with linguistic and literary goals, but also largely fuelled by economics, trade, and enterprise (Milroy 534-535). 2010. Received Pronunciation. British Library, n.d.. http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/find-out-more/received-pronunciation/. In addition, standard languages are also discursive projects, and standardization processes are typically accompanied by the development of specific discourse practices. "The interaction of power, language, and reflections on language inextricably bound up with one another in human history, largely defines language standardization. Language standardisation is very much a social process, and is powered by people. First, he nominated the central dialect as the standard language of the country as he believed it to be “where the heart of [the] country is, and because it has played a dynamic role in the history of [their] literature” (Elkartea 32). It was no doubt a sensible decision as the younger generation of writers, speakers, language educators etc. Language standardisation begins by selecting one of the many forms of language that exist in a society to be the standard. 90% of 570 language educators used the standard language daily (viz. Despite being associated with the upper class and being well-educated, most recent reports suggest that this form is practiced by a mere 2% of the population (British Library Board). They believed that the promotion of the standard was “essential to turn Basque into a modern instrument”, 61% of the 196 Basque writers that were interviewed used the standard language in their writings for they believed in the “need to convert the language into an instrument of culture”. Software languages will evolve over time just like software applications do. Standardization is another scaling technique where the values are centered around the mean with a unit standard deviation. What is language standardisation? The first is an elaboration of function, where people of higher social standing perceive this language form to be more valuable and important than other variations. This means that the mean of the attribute becomes zero and the resultant distribution has a unit standard deviation. But when Charlemagne conquered his huge kingdom in 800, he brought in Alcuin from England. The confluence of diverse cultures and perspectives within a territory serves as one explanation for the evolution of language. Thus, those who refuse or cannot acquire the standard language properly are marginalised in the society, further widening the language gap. Another interesting point relates to the superiority of specific language forms. implementation and elaboration). The Basque case study is significant not only for the fact that it is relatively recent but that it also reflects Milroy & Milroy’s conception that a language standard is not an end-product to be achieved, but rather, it is a process of development that the society embarks on. One point to note is that human language does not necessarily need to divide into different forms. Furthermore, it creates a sort of ignorance towards other dialects and ways of speaking. standardization definition: 1. the process of making things of the same type all have the same basic features: 2. the process…. Hence, the dispersal of a language must be credited to its respective speakers—people, and their practices and customs—and not the core of language itself. Thus, keep in mind that language standardisation is a conscious course of development that produces both good and bad effects. With every generation, new words are constantly invented and introduced into the language lexicon, which may then be taught to the next generation (Crystal 132). In sociolinguistics, language variety—also called lect—is a general term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression. Another quality of a good assessment is standardization. STANDARDIZING? Hence the prestige and legitimacy of a ‘standard’ does not in the first instance, as Language varieties gain prestige when its speakers possess high social standing. Some features of this site may not work without it. ", "English, of course, developed a standard variety by relatively 'natural' means, over the centuries, out of a kind of consensus, due to various social factors. The term standardization is generally used within linguistics to refer to the process of bringing about a standard language. Language Ideologies and Media Discourse: Texts, Practices, Politics, ed. The term re-standardization refers to the ways in which a language may be reshaped by its speakers and writers. Modern trends for standardization Current orthography represents two major centers of standardization: British and American English. Here’s the formula for standardization: Language unification, standardization and corpus development imply a sophisticated national or collective effort which has to deal with philosophical, political — and technical — issues. It is a three-step process of standardising literacy/script, vocabulary, and then digital rendering (i.e. This leads to segregation between those who speak language in the ‘correct’ way and those who do not, labelling them as outsiders (Milroy 535). What Is Koineization (or Dialect Mixing)? The term standard language occasionally refers to the entirety of a language that includes a standardized form as one of its varieties. Language standardization is the process by which conventional forms of a language are established and maintained. 19. It is important to note that these stages are hypothetical, and can sometimes overlap with one another. ... View Item; JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Penguin, 2000, (Peter Elbow, Vernacular Eloquence: What Speech Can Bring to Writing. The effects of language standardization on acceptance and use are explored using the four constructs of Venkatesh et al.’s (2003) Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) – effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions – as a conceptual framework and guide in the analysis. Additionally, we must recognise that language standardisation also ensues in response to increasing trade and capitalism. It is an ongoing historical process that develops a standard written and oral language to be practiced by everyone in a society. Accessed 6 March 2017. It is an ongoing historical process that develops a standard written and oral language to be practiced by everyone in a society. The confluence of diverse cultures and perspectives within a territory serves as one explanation for the evolution of language. Thus, it is crucial to understand that the standard language forms are not universal, and they can still have varieties across different regions. would be the ones to spread the use of this standard language. Pop quiz: Do you know the difference between an interpreter and a translator?It’s a foundational definition in the language industry, but the two can be easy to mix up. selection and codification) as well as the social and communicative functions of language (status planning, i.e. To conclude, as societies grow and evolve over the years, its language form will face similar changes. Therefore, it is evident that it does not represent the consensus of the United Kingdom. Although standardising language may improve efficiency for the general population, there will be some who fall short of this new-found utility. Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language, including dialect, register, jargon, and … Learn more. With that perspective, we shall move to a unique, nation-wide territory where smaller-scale language standardisation took place: Basque Country. Secondly, the language then gains prestige within the society for being associated with those of high social status. John Benjamins, 2004. Standardization or standardization is a process that takes place in stages; was not completely finished. Once it has gained general approval, the standard language is rigorously maintained through several means. language standardization, ther efore, is less about language itself as function and structure, than it is about ideologies and hegemonies about lang uage, or what is called “language ideology”. LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION HOW AND WHY Admilson F. S. Silva Luiz de Castro 2. Those whom have accepted and are familiarised with the standard language can engage in discourse (Deumert 2), so to generate knowledge about communicative methods and processes. More people speak a variety of Chinese as a Oxford University Press, 2012, Ana Deumert, Language Standardization, and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch. As such, standard forms of language can differ at different points in time, even within the same society. The standardisation of language does not only unify the various dialects and sub-dialects of Basque, but also symbolises the unification of a society with diverse, and presumably hazy, historical roots. Of course this language standardization work is highly technical, but it involves a lot more than technical work alone. This cultural evolution gives rise to an interesting phenomenon known as ‘language standardisation’. “Language Ideologies and the Consequences of Standardisation”. An Example of Standardization and Divergence: Latin, The Creation and Enforcement of Language Standards, Definition and Examples of Acrolects in Language, What You Should Know About Creole Language, Definition and Examples of Linguistic Prestige, Key Events in the History of the English Language, Definition and Examples of Dialect Leveling, Standard English Definitions and Controversies, Definition and Examples of Codification in English. (It is, of course, an open question as to how much, if any, standardization is really required. Some might feel that the standard form of a society was chosen because it is superior to all other options. Such networks proved particularly important for innovations requiring collaboration. Therefore, language standardisation is never stagnant or complete, but will continue revising itself as long as the language is still in use. For one, it was the Industrial Revolution – a period of great social, political, and economical change in Great Britain. March 2015, Dudleylm.files.wordpress.com. Language educators were also deeply motivated to teach the standard Basque. THE INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION ON LINGUISTIC NORMS THE INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION ON LINGUISTIC NORMS Bartsch, Renate 1985-06-01 00:00:00 * I thank Bjorn Jernudd, Monsur Musa, and K . The latter, in contrast, are then stigmatized for using non-standard dialects. Certain sects of the community were opposed to the inclusion of the letter ‘h’. It can be argued quite reasonably that there is no real point in standardizing to the extent where, as is often the case in English-speaking communities, children spend many hours learning to spell in an exactly uniform manner, where any spelling mistake is the subject of opprobrium or ridicule, and where derivations from the standard are interpreted as incontrovertible evidence of ignorance.)". (domains, timetables, territorial extent, etc.) Overall, the whole process aims to create a ‘melting pot’ environment, homogenising a certain culture that comes with the language. In line with the said, the stands of several linguists about the a/s phenomena are presented as the What is language standardisation? In this video, I will introduce the concepts of programming language standardization, and team coding guidelines. Language standardisation and language change: The dynamics of Cape Dutch. Unsurprisingly, literacy is still highly regarded today as the leading institutional marker for a nation’s development. Yale University Press, 2010. Fast-forwarding to the nineteenth century, the people pf Basque expressed an increasing desire to preserve the nation’s language culture with all its diversities. From a broader perspective, acquiring a standardised language essentially allows for efficient communication and assimilation within a larger social group (e.g. Getting It: Language standardisation and the Industrial Revolution. by Sally Johnson and Tommaso M. Milani. For instance, the maintenance stage can start quite early in the process, and continues throughout (Milroy 23). This process brings to a language a uniformity and consistent norm and form of writing and speaking, and the promotion of uniformity and consistency usually entails the reduction or elimination of variation. Language Standardisation:Basque Recovery II. Dudley, Leon. Hence in 1919, a Basque Language Academy, Euskaltzaindia, was established with the primary aim of formulating a standardwritten language. However, as the use of ‘h’ were valued by the northern Basque writers and speakers, Mitxelena saw the importance of its inclusion in the standard language. Lastly, a writing system is established to prescribe this language (along with official dictionaries and guidebooks). If a language form is used by the upper class, society automatically esteems it over other forms and views it as the supreme option, even though it does not necessarily allow us to communicate or express ourselves better than other forms. Alcuin brought in 'good Latin' because it came from books; it didn't have all the 'problems' that came from a language being spoken as a native tongue. Variability is a fact of life for almost all languages. People expect their language to serve a role that is beyond communication. It is the choices societies make that result in differing languages. One example of standardization is the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)GAAPGAAP, or Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, is a commonly recognized set of rules and procedures designed to govern corporate account… Milroy, James and Lesley Milroy. Critics. The concern surrounding language variation dates back to the 16th century, where the first attempt for language standardisation was made. Establishing a standard language ultimately shapes the standard ‘reality’ of the people (Fairclough 203-4). Particularly the older, conservative delegates believed it to be a pointless addition of an alphabet that could not be pronounced (Elkartea 34). 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