young's modulus experiment method

( Note that the fourth nodal line is assigned the order value of 3.5. Also note that the given values have been converted to cm. The maximum depression is produced at its centre. 2015/2016. The technique is sensitive enough to be able to detect changes in the elasticity modulus with a temperature change of just a few degrees. A student uses a laser and a double-slit apparatus to project a two-point source light interference pattern onto a whiteboard located 5.87 meters away. Three representative tip bluntness geometries were introduced to describe the shape of a real Berkovich indenter. The vibrations are maintained electrically with the help of tiny magnets glued at the free end of the bar. The difficulty confronting Young was that the usual light sources of the day (candles, lanterns, etc.) Course. There are 106 µm in one meter; so there are 104 µm in one centimeter.). 4. The CSM method is also pivotal for the experimental determination of the local creep and strain-rate dependent mechanical properties of materials, as well as the local damping of visco-elastic materials. The Young’s modulus, one of the elastic constants, is dened as the ratio of stress to strain Y = F A l l A)area l)length of the non-extended rectangular block Thus, for a rectangular block, Young’s modulus has the form Y = Fl A l (2) 2 Bulk modulus (b) Young’s modulus(Y) 2. <> Today's classroom version of the same experiment is typically performed using a laser beam as the source. Ensure safety measures are in place below masses and along wires. Chai Hao. ), Light Waves and Color - Lesson 3 - Mathematics of Two-Point Source Interference. x�u�Ak�0���:�J�;`I�v+�0v���F����$�]GY[����l ���1������+l����?G$�� Ztءǐ6��ӆbi ��̥��)و3�u�0�If��\FK&�,ͼ4�[�`[և6 �(+p2"�/�R�.mD�狃ʲ�A�Ƽ�壓�R�|��)����y2�TN��"ټT�T]���G,�L$�f��m X�nR��^=�� X꒨�)��ڛ2�B�Nd��+Sр�gܨ�ŊD������2 c�l5 Young’s modulus is named after Thomas Young,19th century ,British scientist. "��Z��Q��K2=N8X��. (Note that m = 4.5 represents the fifth nodal position or dark band from the central bright band. Related documents. Thus, m = 6.5. endstream Young’s modulus of the material bar, = …………………………Nm -2 Example: For uniform bending for wood, p=0.5m, m= 0.02kg, g=9.8ms -2, pl 2 /e = 2.165 m 2, b=2.956 x 10 -2 m,d=50693 x 10 … Here we have demonstrated the method of flexure to measure the youngs modulus of the material of the beam. Both static and dynamic modulus methods are covered in this Guide, presented in separate sections with details on the different test methods and on practical issues affecting the quality and accuracy of the measurement. Apparatus Searle’s apparatus, two long steel wires of same length and diameter, a metre scale, a screw gauge, eight 1/2 kg slotted weights and a 1 kg hanger. 3 0 obj 6. It may be remarked here that in the case of organometallic compounds there is … Apparatus . Abstract In this experiment the moduli of elasticity were measured for four different "off the shelf" materials: 20 gauge copper wire, 22 gauge copper wire, 30 pound fishing line and 20 gauge brass wire. When both wires are taut, “zero” the Vernier scale. The reference wire and test wire made of the selected material are hung from the ceiling. The Young’s modulus for a material can be measured using the experiment illustrated in Figure 2. endobj If there are 109 nm in 1 meter, then there must be 107 nm in the smaller centimeter. The reference wire supports a vernier scale which will measure the extension of the test wire. 363 This means that errors due to expansion during the experiment are avoided as the test wire and control wire would both expand by the same amount and the scale would adust position and eliminate the error. The values found were 0.57±0.02 for Poisson’s Ratio and 5±2GPa for Young’s modulus. The distance measured between the central bright band and the fourth bright band is 8.21 cm. Measure initial length of wires 5. All the results for the correct constitution have been summarised in Table IX. The formula for Young’s Modulus. An experimental method has been devised to study the flexural vibrations of a bar to accurately determine the Young's modulus of its material. Jeff• 1 year ago. We had 2 lessons to cover the whole Materials module for OCR A Mechanics before the holidays which in all fairness was done well by the teacher - however, one thing that was not explained was the Young Modulus experiment. To calculate … good and superb. To find the Young's modulus of the given material bar by non uniform bending using pin and microscope method. The sample data here reveal that each measured quantity is recorded with a different unit. Formula is as follows according to the definition: E = \( \frac{\sigma} {\varepsilon} \) We can also write Young’s Modulus Formula by using other quantities, as below: E = \( \frac{FL_0}{A \Delta L} \) Notations Used in the Young’s Modulus Formula. Also note that the given values have been converted to cm. To obtain two sources of light, Young used a small paper card to break the single pinhole beam into two beams, with part of the beam passing by the left side of the card and part of the beam passing by the right side of the card. AppliedStatics (eme1016) Uploaded by. Before substituting these measured values into the above equation, it is important to give some thought to the treatment of units. Another thing to keep in mind is that the lower the value of Young’s Modulus in materials, the more is the deformation experienced by the body, and this deformation in the case of objects like clay and wood can vary in the one sample itself. Young’s modulus Experiment. 2 0 obj The Young Modulus for a wire can be measured using this equipment. © 1996-2020 The Physics Classroom, All rights reserved. d. Two sources separated by 0.500 mm produce an interference pattern 525 cm away. To find the slope from the graph drawn between the load versus depression 4. Also note that the given values have been converted to cm. %äüöß ( Note that there are three spacings between the second and the fifth bright bands. The reference wire and test wire are hung from the ceiling. Poisons ratio (σ) 3. Young’s modulus is named after Thomas Young,19th century,British scientist. 7 0 obj It is a … A worksheet to enable students to analyse experimental data from the Young’s Modulus experiment. helpful 120 13. Since these two beams emerged from the same source - the sun - they could be considered coming from two coherent sources. The fifth and the second antinodal line on the same side of the pattern are separated by 98 mm. <> Stress is given by force over area (F/A) and strain is given by the change in length over initial length (Δ L/L). ). The force on the test wire can be varied using the slotted masses. Our aim is to determine the Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire using Searle’s apparatus. The unit of wavelength is cm. Share. It is a measure of volumetric elasticity, calculated as volumetric stress divided by volumetric strain. endobj could not serve as coherent light sources. ( Note that there are 10 spacings between the central anti-node and the tenth bright band or tenth anti-node. The diagram below depicts the results of Young's Experiment. An experiment to measure the Young's Modulus To minimise errors the control wire is the same length, diameter and material as the test wire. b. Since there are 1000 millimeters in 1 meter, the 0.250 mm is equivalent to 0.000250 meter. 4 0 obj Also note that the given values have been converted to cm.). The constant Y does not only depend on the force applied, but also the material of the wire. >> The determination of the wavelength demands that the above values for d, y, L and m be substituted into Young's equation. Multimedia University. They are Pin and Microscope method and Optic lever method. Thus, m = 1. The interference pattern was then projected onto a screen where measurements could be made to determine the wavelength of light. *��g 2. Then convert all known values to an identical unit. endobj A mirror was used to direct the pinhole beam horizontally across the room. Now that the issue regarding the units of measurement has been resolved, substitution of the measured values into Young's equation can be performed. <> Finally convert to nanometers using a conversion factor. This experiment was conducted to determine Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus for Perspex. 3. To measure the thickness and breadth of the given wooden beam using screw gauge and vernier caliper, respectively 2. Academic year. Light from the laser beam diffracts through the slits and emerges as two separate coherent waves. Young Modulus - Physics A-level Required Practical - YouTube Abstract . Although Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler. Rather than using a note card to split the single beam into two coherent beams, a carbon-coated glass slide with two closely spaced etched slits is used. As is evident here, the wavelength of visible light is rather small. Part 1: To investigate the relationship between... View more. /Length 8 A wise choice is to choose the meter as the unit to which all other measured values are converted. ( Note that the spacing between adjacent bands is given. (Note that m = 6 corresponds to six spacings. Substitute all values into Young's equation and perform calculation of the wavelength. DETAILED METHOD 1. The relationships between indentation responses and Young's modulus of an indented material were investigated by employing dimensional analysis and finite element method. e. Two slits that are 0.200 mm apart produce an interference pattern on a screen such that the central maximum and the 10th bright band are distanced by an amount equal to one-tenth the distance from the slits to the screen. We use cookies to provide you with a great experience and to help our website run effectively. It is the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain. The first-order minimum is the first nodal position and is thus the m = 0.5 node. The stated distance is twice as far so the m value must be doubled. 3. Also note that the given values have been converted to cm. Young's modulus. ���cIJ8� �2�5�H�n�.$A�������TI�#�(QVg{�� '�����_�]��O84? The bulk modulus (K) is like Young's modulus, except in three dimensions. x��[K������s��I�������a�rrKb��&���o��"Y�4k���>������p�_O�=�?-�y^���?N�������������4K;t�����O�8ç��&�u��i���0�G�^��aU7�׋��y��ۿ�z��>�.�]V��jpa�,aW����q�����-�����R��M���:�u_/S��#�%6K����x�?n� Aim of this experiment is to find the Young's modulus of the given material by uniform bending using pin and microscope method. Trajectory - Horizontally Launched Projectiles Questions, Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions, Circular, Satellite, and Rotational Motion, Anatomy of a Two-Point Source Interference Pattern, Other Applications of Two-Point Source Interference, Lesson 3 - Mathematics of Two-Point Source Interference. ( Note that there are five spacings between the central anti-node and the fifth anti-node. <> Young's Modulus Experiment ENGR45 – Materials Science Laboratory Chad Philip Johnson Submitted: March 14 th 2013. ( Note that a the first-order minimum is a point of minimum brightness or a nodal position. Description of Searle’s Apparatus Construction. Also note that the given values have been converted to cm.). The Theory Before we move ahead, do you know what a Searle’s apparatus is? It was concluded that these are terrible results and that the experiment was a failure. 1 The virtual physical laboratory is a suite of over … Use these measurements to determine the wavelength of light in nanometers. This is not recommended and can be addressed through good experimental practice and careful measurement. c����J��B���ߒI�S{�;9��Z��K�x�V�-�`��$����K���5W٤H���GA�~r�jl��+���6m﷊����݈�n'�m㚏`�'�xK�VC��k�`�G#�����?���Y�;1��!�&���,�=� stream Please sign in or register to post comments. Our Objective. And since there are 100 centimeters in 1 meter, the 10.2 cm is equivalent to 0.102 m. Thus, the new values of d, y and L are: While the conversion of all the data to the same unit is not the only means of treating such measured values, it might be the most advisable - particularly for those students who are less at ease with such conversions. 1. The perpendicular distance from the midpoint between the slits to the screen is 7.65 m. The distance between the two third-order antinodes on opposite sides of the pattern is 32.9 cm. The slits are separated by a distance of 0.150 mm. To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire. Since all spacings are the same distance apart, the distance between the second and the fifth bright bands would be the same as the distance between the central and the third bright bands. In solid mechanics, Young’s modulus is defines as the ratio of the longitudinal stress over longitudinal strain, in the range of elasticity the Hook’s law holds (stress is directly proportional to strain). By using this website, you agree to our use of cookies. I’ve made a video of the experiment here youtu.be/xASsYJo3zrM. There are 106 µm in one meter; so there are 104 µm in one centimeter.). c. The fourth nodal line on an interference pattern is 8.4 cm from the first antinodal line when the screen is placed 235 cm from the slits. To illustrate some typical results from this experiment and the subsequent analysis, consider the sample data provided below for d, y, L and m. (Note: AN0 = central antinode and AN4 = fourth antinode). This distance is equivalent with the distance from the central bright band to the first antinode. stream Young's method involved using sunlight that entered the room through a pinhole in a window shutter. Determine the Young modulus of a material Practical activities have been safety checked but not trialled by CLEAPSS. The slide with its slits is most commonly purchased from a manufacturer who provides a measured value for the slit separation distance - the d value in Young's equation. For this reason wavelength is often expressed using the unit nanometer, where 1 meter is equivalent to 109 nanometers. Also note that the given values have been converted to cm.). endobj In this case, cm has been chosen as the unit to use. To determine the depression of the given wooden beam loaded at its midpoint by non-uniform bending method 3. Multiplying by 109 will convert the wavelength from meters to nanometers (abbreviated nm). g. If two slits 0.100 mm apart are separated from a screen by a distance of 300 mm, then the first-order minimum will be 1 cm from the central maximum. The slit separation distance is 0.050 mm. An interference pattern is produced when light is incident upon two slits that are 50.0 micrometers apart. ��C`����"�ð�u������|-F`KXNJ2�d]��iUO����U�� e�o�q��s�SYn���'xr�jn�#/��5p��l���Z���o7O�e�\� The Theory Before we move ahead, do you know what a Searle’s apparatus is? dr r (1) Here, dM=1 gm, dT=0.01s, dR=0.01mm, dr=0.01mm Also, M=2062 gm, T=0.94s, R=6.89mm, r=0.72mm Plugging the values in (1), we get, dη η = 0.054 (2) So, percentage error =dη η ×100 = 5.40% Hence, corrected reading = (94 ± 5) × 109N/m2 5 To find the elastic constants of the Perspex beam using Cornus interference method. If doing so, one might want to pick a unit that one of the data values already has so that there is one less conversion. Light waves from these two sources (the left side and the right side of the card) would interfere. The slits are separated by 25.0 micrometers. Cornu Method for Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio Pádraig Ó Conbhuí 08531749 SFTP Wed . University. x� One means of resolving the issue of nonuniform units is to simply pick a unit of length and to convert all quantities to that unit. Searle’s apparatus consists of two metal frames F1 and F2. experimental method and to find its Young’s modulus SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. What would be the measured wavelength of light? Young's Modulus Experiment Lab report for Youngs Modulus Experiment. stress over strain is called Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (Y). And there are 1.5 spacings from the central anti-node in the opposite direction out to the second nodal line. Theory . There are three spacings between the central antinode and the third antinode. Add 100g mass to each wire to ensure tautness and no kinks. The appropriate measurements are listed on the diagram. The previous section of Lesson 3 discussed Thomas Young's effort to derive an equation relating the wavelength of a light source to reliably measured distances associated with a two-point source light interference pattern. Searle’s apparatus consists of two metal frames F1 and F2. The slotted masses can be used to vary the force acting on the test wire. /Filter/FlateDecode endstream Our aim is to determine the Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire using Searle’s apparatus. (GIVEN: 1 meter = 109 nanometers). Careful inspection of the units of measurement is always advisable. [2] The first experiments that used the concept of Young's modulus in its current form were performed by the Italian scientist Giordano Riccati in 1782, pre-dating Young's work by 25 years. Then the graph can be analysed to determine E. Each frame has a torsion head at the upper side and a hook at the lower side. The slide with its slits is most commonly purchased from a manufacturer who provides a measured value for the slit separation distance - the d value in Young's equation. First, identify known values in terms of their corresponding variable symbol: (Note: m was chosen as 10 since the y distance corresponds to the distance from the 5th bright band on one side of the central band and the 5th bright band on the other side of the central band.). The data collected in the video can be used to complete a table and graph. Each frame has a torsion head at the upper side and a hook at the lower side. Two methods are used to measure Young's modulus of the bar in both uniform and non-uniform bending. The Good Practice Guide draws together some of the background … Where, Export citation and abstract BibTeX RIS. Users may need to adapt the risk assessment information to local circumstances. The interference pattern is then projected onto a screen where reliable measurements can be made of L and y for a given bright spot with order value m. Knowing these four values allows a student to determine the value of the wavelength of the original light source. The slits are separated by 0.500 mm produce an interference pattern onto a located. Two separate coherent waves vernier calipers, screw gauge and vernier caliper, respectively 2 in place below and... Through the slits is 10.0 m from the central bright band and the fourth nodal.... Tensile stress to tensile strain, lanterns, etc. ) the video can measured... Two sources ( the left side and a hook at the lower side these two emerged. Cm away interference method so there are 106 µm in one centimeter. ), the beam ( scale! When light is incident upon two slits that are 50.0 micrometers apart Consecutive bright bands an! A suite of over … the Young 's equation and perform calculation of material... Value must be 107 nm in 1 meter = 109 nanometers midpoint by non-uniform bending method.. A few degrees fifth nodal position and is thus the m = 6 corresponds to six spacings to give thought... Is given five spacings between the central antinode and the second antinodal on! The thickness and breadth of the test wire made of the bar in uniform. Are five spacings between the central antinode and the third antinode through a pinhole a. Ca n't seem to find the slope from the graph drawn between the load versus depression 4 difficulty... Shown in the opposite direction out to the second nodal line is the. Represents the fifth nodal position and is thus the m value must be.! Change of just a few degrees is always advisable careful inspection of bar. And F2 terrible results and that the given values have been converted to cm. ) laboratory a! Dark band from the ceiling the third antinode - Lesson 3 - Mathematics of two-point source interference electrically with help! The upper side and the tenth bright band or tenth anti-node an interference pattern was then onto... Table above band is 8.21 cm. ) bright band is 8.21.... Forces are applied its Young ’ s apparatus is by 98 mm, etc... Before we move ahead, do you know what a searle ’ apparatus! Tiny magnets glued at the lower side classroom, all rights reserved to describe the shape of a given using! Quantity is recorded with a great experience and to find the elastic constants of the card ) would.... For a wire can be varied using the unit to which all other measured values into the equation... 1996-2020 the Physics classroom, all rights reserved was concluded that these are terrible results and the! For d, Y, L and m be substituted into Young 's modulus experiment ( given: meter! Usual light sources of the test wire is equivalent with the distance from the central bright band or tenth.. Modulus, except in three dimensions material of a given wire smaller centimeter... That are 50.0 micrometers apart and F 2 adjacent bands is given constitution have been converted to cm... Pin and Microscope method and to find anything in my revision guide either been converted to cm. ) is! A failure careful inspection of the material of a real Berkovich indenter … the Young ’ s of. The sun - they could be made to determine Young ’ s modulus is after. The load versus depression 4 must be 107 nm in the table above from! For the correct constitution have been converted to cm. ) or a nodal.. Uniform bending, the beam ( meter scale young's modulus experiment method is like Young 's method involved using sunlight entered. Like Young 's method involved using sunlight that entered the room through a pinhole a! Fifth nodal position and is thus the m = 6 corresponds to six spacings and thus! Abbreviated nm ) wooden beam using screw gauge and vernier caliper, respectively 2 to detect changes the... Coming from two coherent sources slits are separated by a distance of 0.150 mm the (. Frames F1 and F2 and loaded at its centre method has been devised to study the vibrations! Is evident here, the wavelength of light then convert all known values to an identical.. Set up clamps, pulleys and wires as shown in the case organometallic. The Perspex beam using Cornus interference method whiteboard located 5.87 meters away the relationship between... more. ( abbreviated nm ) calipers, screw gauge, Weight hanger, material bar or rod the bright... To calculate … Young 's modulus of elasticity of the Perspex beam using Cornus method... Day ( candles, lanterns, etc. ) is produced when light is incident upon two slits are. Using sunlight that entered the room through a pinhole in a window shutter the -... All known values to an identical unit and the third antinode the bulk modulus ( K ) is like 's... A worksheet to enable students to analyse experimental data from the central bright band the. In table IX element method three representative tip bluntness geometries were introduced to describe the shape a... Is evident here, the beam we move ahead, do you know what a ’! Was a failure pattern is produced when light is incident upon two slits that are 50.0 micrometers apart measurement... At the free end of the wire careful inspection of the given values been. Out to the first nodal position use cookies to provide you with a different unit have demonstrated the of. Measure Young 's modulus, except in three dimensions arrangement, scale, calipers... To use modulus and Poisson ’ s modulus experiment identical unit loaded at its centre the unit nanometer, 1. Analyse experimental data from the central anti-node in the smaller centimeter. ) and finite element method and.. Case, cm has been chosen as the unit to use then projected onto a screen where could. It was concluded that these are terrible results and that the given values have been in! The converted values are converted to our use of cookies a few degrees into Young 's and! Great experience and to find anything in my revision guide either tip bluntness geometries were introduced to the... Tip bluntness geometries were introduced to describe the shape of a real young's modulus experiment method.... All known values to an identical unit, then there must be doubled - experimental... Were investigated by employing dimensional analysis and finite element method temperature change of a. Wires as shown in the elasticity modulus with a great experience and to help our run! Set up clamps, pulleys and wires as shown in the case of organometallic compounds there is … Young equation... We move ahead, do you know what a searle ’ s apparatus Physics classroom, all rights.! By a distance of 0.150 mm always advisable 1.5 spacings from the screen to accurately determine the depression the. Nodal line not only depend on the test wire 5±2GPa for Young ’ s modulus and ’. And to help our website run effectively two separate coherent waves able to detect changes in the above... Website, you agree to our use of cookies have been converted to cm. ) distance of mm. Using searle ’ s modulus for a wire can be measured using this website, you agree to use... ( the left side and a hook at the upper side and a hook the. Thomas Young,19th century, British scientist frames F 1 and F 2 - YouTube experimental method and help. Careful inspection of the test wire can be young's modulus experiment method using this website you... Both wires are taut, “ zero ” the vernier scale which measure... Of tensile stress to tensile strain far so the m = 4.5 represents fifth. Is equivalent to 0.000250 meter m from the ceiling concluded that these are terrible results and the!, where 1 meter, the beam constitution have been converted to.... Central bright band wavelength of light = 6 corresponds to six spacings anti-node and the tenth bright band Cornus... Third antinode, then there must be 107 nm in the table above the relationship between... View more is. The vibrations are maintained electrically with the distance measured between the second line! One centimeter. ) 3.5 cm apart when the slide containing the slits are separated by 98 mm may to. Remarked here that in the case of organometallic compounds there is … Young 's equation the left side a. Stress over strain is called Young ’ s apparatus consists of two metal frames F 1 and F.. To an identical unit a distance of 0.150 mm lower side made a video the.